Targeting security topics usage in national security strategies: Core strategic concepts and security policies in Central and Eastern Europe.

Olimid, Anca Parmena

Abstract:

During the last twenty years we have marked the launch of many national security strategies focusing on the rise of the new strategic concepts and security policies. The present paper scrutinizes five such documents adopted between 2002-2015 as follows: a) Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security (2002); b) National Security Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia (2010); c) National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (2009); d) The National Security Strategy of the Republic of Albania (2004); e) Czech Republic Security Strategy (2015). The study uses the content analysis to provide some basic comparisons by addressing a theoretical background of the security and strategy in national legal documents and addressing a comprehensive guidance of the specific regional issues: transition, development, cooperation, partnership, national interest etc. Once the content analysis examines, the statistical and graphic benefits identify the new security engagements by considering the inputs and outpts of the core group of concepts and policies.

Keywords: regional security, strategic concepts, security policy, security strategy, Central and Eastern Europe

Introduction

The exploration of the political dynamics and the regional security conceptual framework has evolved as a "device" both identifying and scrutinizing current and forthcoming demands in the history of the security policies and strategies of the countries Grounded in the knowledge-security view of the security policy, this paper explores and contextualizes how the approach to the security-specific knowledge grants the support for the related links between security-strategy-environment in a comparative perspective. The study also takes into consideration the perspectives of the political history, security governance, national policies and the regional challenges (Kirchner, 2006: 947-968; Bures, 2014: 115-125; Economides and Ker-Lindsay, 2015: 1027-1044) scrutinizing the internal and external political factors after the fall of the communist regime (Just, 2014: 65-74) and the institutionalization theories levelling and postulating the role of the historical institutionalism (Georgescu, 2014: 135-146).

Methods and methodology

Empirically, the analysis of the security topics draws on the content analysis of the following documents: a) Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security (hereinafter SNS_Croatia) (2002); b) National Security Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia (hereinafter NSS_Slovenia) (2010); c) National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (hereinafter NSS_Serbia) (2009); d) The National Security Strategy of the Republic of Albania (hereinafter NSS_Albania) (2004); e) Czech Republic Security Strategy (hereinafter SSC_Czech Republic) (2015). The five documents approve between 2002 and 2015 identify key indicators of the national interest, public order and security, national security management, stability factors and democracy outcomes, development and rule of law. The present paper aims also at extending the variety of interpretations and analysis of the security strategies related to the SNS_Croatia, NSS_Slovenia, NSS_Serbia, NSS_Albania and SSC_Czech Republic depending on the various understandings of the key indicators of the internal interests, regional gaps, public order and security and national/ international security management by considering the European landscape and the "democratization effect" (Vachudova, 2014: 122-138). The analysis of each national security strategies of the five countries spotlights six "classes of items" (1, 2, 3... 6) each having three focal points entitled "research units" (1, 2, 3). Depending on the understandings of the key indicators of the prevailing topics of the defence policies, national interest, public order and security, national security management, the study points the following security complementariness as follows: a) The long-term strategic concepts as a basis of the national security strategies as affirmed in each NSS (Class of items 1); b) The core categories and topics of the security environment and related aspects (Class of items 2); c) The links of the regional security to the regional security-based schema (Class of items 3); d) Establishment of a core national/ regional system of security concepts, aims and objectives (Class of items 4); e) Combining main topics and mechanisms within the defence policies (Class of items 5); f) Emerging challenges of the national and/ or regional security (Class of items 6).

The analysis of the strategic concepts and security was analysed around an analytical model using six stages of the classes of items that are aimed to enable an extensive appointment of the long-term topics in the defence sector, environmental decision-making processes and regional security architecture. The five documents were analysed by identifying and formulating research units arising from the security preeminence facts and indicators and relying on the mechanisms guiding the state core actions and initiatives. Security processes and mechanisms at the international and/ or European level, regional level and national level are categorized by designing the relationship established between the security actors - the implementation of the defence policies and security strategies.

The study proposes a new analytical model of the security topics usage in the national security strategies by reviewing the five strategies, linking more than 150 topics in the field and it combines two main quantitative methods: a) the frequency analysis of the main concepts: "security", "European security", "NATO", "stability", "democracy", "transition", "strategy" etc.; b) scrutinizing a co-word analysis by spoting the core research units: "geo-political position"; "national security"; "risks and threats"; "democratic society"; "military defence" etc. Considering these analytical developments, five research steps are targeted and two main research questions are advanced as follows: Q1. What are the main strategic concepts and security policies of the national agendas used and developed in the period 2002-2015 in the national security strategies of in Croatia, Albania, Slovenia, Serbia and Czech Republic?; Q2. What are the key common items in the field of the security and strategies agendas used in Croatia, Albania, Slovenia, Serbia and Czech Republic? The five steps are: Step 1. Research questions; Step 2. Organizing, identifying and explaning the "Classes of Items" in the field of security and strategy; Step 3. Identification and justification of the use of the research items within the classes of items as follows: SNS_Croatia, NSS_Slovenia, NSS_Serbia, NSS_Albania, SSC_Czech Republic; Step 4. Findings, results and discussion; Step 5. Exploration of the results and findings. We then calcute the relative frequency of each research unit as a proportion of the total frequency of each topic and the given classes of items. The relative frequency is calculated for each class of items and research units (Table 1. Sampling research units 1, 2, 3 / Classes 1, 2, 3,... 6).

Results and discussion

The risks and challenges exsposed by the strategies of security are increasingly referring to a central connection between the long term "strategic concepts as a basis of the national security strategies", the "security-based formula" and the "defence policies" (a direct limitation referring to the classes of items 1, 3 and 5). The argument that the "emerging challenges to the national and/ or regional security" enter the security arena by adding the status of the topics and mechanisms balances the military-defence options and the development of the society.

1. Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security - Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security (SNS_Croatia) (2002)

The first approach of the analysis is considering the Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security adopted in 2002. The SNS_Croatia focuses on the relative frequency of the geo-political position and the international security envirnment (research units 1, relative frequency (1)) favoring also: a) the links between the national and regional security formula within the Euro-atlantic landscape (research units 2, relative frequency (3)), Southeastern Europe (research units 2, relative frequency 3) and b) the direction of the security cooperation and the state's institutional displays (research units 3, relative frequency (4)). Table 1.1. also correlates the strategic concepts with the transition and the evolution of a democratic society looking at the lines of differentiation between the relative frequency of the concept of "democratic society" (research units 1, relative frequency (4)), "transition" (research units 2, relative frequency (4)), and "development of society" (research units 2, relative frequency (6)). The approach of the SNS_Croatia to the geo-political position and the Euro-atlantic security enables: the "political order" (research units 3, relative frequency (3)), "partnership" (research units 3, relative frequency (1)) and "security environment" (research units 3, relative frequency (2)).

Table 1.2. also displays on a map of the relative frequency the following performances: 1. Research units 1 ("geo-political position", ,,international security" and "security"): relative frequency (1) = .60; 2. Research units 3 ("state" and "cooperation"): relative frequency (4) = .63; 3. Research units 2 (NATO, EU (European/ Europe); Southeast Europe): relative frequency (3) = .64; 4. Research units 2 ("stability", "democracy", "human rights", "immigration") : relative frequency (1) = .19. Clearly, the lowest levels of the Research units 2 are the following: relative frequency (4) = .06 (concept of "transition") and relative frequency (5) = .01 (concept of "military defence").

2. National Security Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia (NSS_Slovenia) (2010)

The second approach of the analysis is considering the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia (NSS_Slovenia) adopted in 2010. The NSS_Slovenia focuses on the relative frequency of the international security and security (research units 1, relative frequency (1)) enabling also: a) the security relational links between security risks and threats (research units 2, relative frequency (2)), national and internal seucirty environment (research units 1, relative frequency 6) and b) the settings of the rule of law (research units 1, relative frequency (4)), development encounters (research units 1, relative frequency (4)), migration and human rights fixings (research units 2, relative frequency (1)), security environment and climate change (research units 3, relative frequency (2)).

Broadly analysing, Table 2.1. distinguishes the reflections of the security spectrum requiring the causal elements of "stability" (research units 2, relative frequency (1)), "cooperation" (research units 3, relative frequency (4)), "partnership" (research units 3, relative frequency (1)) and "border" (research units 3, relative frequency (3)). According to Table 2.1., the analysis targets the relative frequencies of the concept of "international security" and security (research units 1, relative frequency (1)), "national security" and "internal security" (research units 1, relative frequency (6)), "development" (research units 2, relative frequency (6)); "threats", "security threats", "security risks" (research units 2, relative frequency (2)); "security system" (research units 2, relative frequency (6)).

The approach of the NSS_Slovenia to the geo-political position and the Euro-atlantic security enables "partnership" (research units 3, relative frequency (1)) and "security environment" (research units 3, relative frequency (2)). Table 2.2. identifies the following results of the relative frequency: (1). Research units 1 ("international security" and "security"): relative frequency (1) = .48; (2). Research units 3 ("state" and "cooperation"): relative frequency (4) = .12; (3). Research units 2 (NATO, EU (European/Europe); Southeast Europe) = .02; (4). Research units 2 ("stability", "democracy", "human rights", "migration") : relative frequency (1) = .14. Furthermore, the lowest levels of the research units 2 are the following: relative frequency (3) = .02 (concept of "border") and relative frequency (1) = .02 (concept of "partnership" and "international cooperation").

3. National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (NSS_Serbia) (2009)

The third part of the analysis is focusing on the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (NSS_Serbia) adopted in 2009. The NSS_Serbia enables the importance of security, but also the paths to the "development of society" (research units 2, relative frequency (6)), "international community", partnership and justice (research units 2, relative frequency (6)) guaranteeing the place of peace (full/ keeping) (research units 1, relative frequency (2)), the achievement of the security system at the national level and the system management (research units 1, relative frequency (6)). In addition to this grounding approach, NSS_Serbia targets the relative frequency of the "international security" and "security-intelligence" (research units 1, relative frequency (1)) enabling also: a) the risks and threats including "security risks"(research units 2, relative frequency (2)), the Euro-Atlantic security environment (research units 2, relative frequency (3)) and b) the fixings of the rule of law and minority rights (research units 1, relative frequency (4) and relative frequency (5)), "national interests" (research units 1, relative frequency (5)), stability, migration and human rights fixings (research units 2, relative frequency (1)), defence-policy and crisis management (research units 3, relative frequency (5)). When identifying the core categories and topics of the security management, Table 3.1. distinguishes the understandings of the dominant forms of the "internal security" claiming the premises of the "security risks" and "security threats" (research units 2, relative frequency (2)), "economic policy" (research units 2, relative frequency (4)), "social life" (research units 3, relative frequency (4)) and "transition" (research units 2, relative frequency (4)). According to Table 3.2, the conceptualization of the relative frequencies of the "security-intelligence" (research units 1, relative frequency (1)), "development" and "internal security" (research units 1, relative frequency (4) and relative frequency (5)) establishes the socio-political approach of the debate on the "human rights" and "minority rights". In an analytical interpretation, the distinctions between the international-European and European-national divides, directs the security analysis towards the examination of the most releveant aspects of the security environment (research units 3, relative frequency (2)). The NSS_Serbia also indicates that the organization of the data samples a basic-to-composite analysis of the concepts of "partnership" and "cooperation". The sampling legitimates a valid list of top items by measuring and analysing more than 250 concepts categorized in the Research units 3 (Column 3), 695 concepts included in the Research units 1 (Column 1) and 264 concepts identified in the Research units 2 (Column 2) of the Table 3.1.

The data analysis provided by Table 3.2. reports the following variations of the the relative frequencies: 1. Research units 1 ("international security"; "security" and security-intelligence): relative frequency (1) = .50; 2. Research units 3 ("state" and "cooperation"): relative frequency (4) = .43; 3. Research units 2 (NATO, EU (European/Europe); Southeast Europe) = .20; 4. Research units 2 ("stability", "democracy", "human rights", "migration"): relative frequency (1) = .16.

The results also show differences between the relative frequencies of the research units 1 as follows: relative frequency (3) = .06 (concepts of "Europe(an)" and "Balkan(s)") and the relative frequency (4) = .09 (concept of "democratic society" and "development").

4. The National Security Strategy of the Republic of Albania (NSS_Albania) (2004)

The fourth part of the analysis is focusing on the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Albania (NSS_Albania) adopted in 2004.

The NSS_Albania reveals that the relative frequencies in the field of international, regional and national security are significant (more than 195 uses of the concepts of "security" and "strategy" and a relative frequency of .41).

To this, the analysis combines three concepts within Research units 2 ("stability" = 23 uses; "democracy" = 7 uses; "democratic society"= 3 uses; "human rights" = 7 uses; "migration = 1 use) and two concepts within Research units 3 ("state(s) = 46 uses and "cooperation" = 19 uses).

In fact, the NSS_Albania is a seven-faceted analysis in terms of which it assumes the role of international and regional security as follows: (1) development; (2) democratic society; (3) national security and interests; (4) regional; (5) Europe(an); (6) international community- (7) partners.

The central notice in codifying the NSS_Albania is to develop a security scheme that constitutes an eloquent call to: a) the values of the "democratic state" and "rule of law" (relative frequency (4) = .22); b) the role of the "international community" and justice encounters (relative frequency (6) = .38); c) the engagement of the "civil defense" and "military" (relative frequency (5) = .15); d) the cause-factor analysis of the "security environment" (relative frequency (2) = .21), the "peace (full/keeping)" and "foreign policy" (relative frequency (2) = .05).

The constructed coding provided by Table 3.2. details the following dispatches of the relative frequency scoring: (1). Research units 1 (Europe(an) and Balkans: relative frequency (1) = .05); (2). Research units 2 ("threats" and "terrorism"): relative frequency (4) = .07; (3). Research units 3 ("border(s): : relative frequency (3) = .03). Thus, the coding analysis of the fourth national_strategy attempts to associate the in-depth security analysis of the concepts of "state" and "cooperation", "rule of law" and "development" with that of the security guidelines defining "transition", social actions and economic status. From this analytical device, the central challenge of the NSS_Albania depends on three relative frequencies: (1) Relative frequency (4 (research units 3)) .40; (2) Relative frequency (4 (research units 1))= .22; (3) Relative frequency (4 (research units 2)) .07; (4). Relative frequency (6 (research units 3)) .15.

5. Security Strategy of the Czech Republic (SSC_Czech Republic) (2015)

The last part of the analysis is exploring the Czech Republic Security Strategy (SSC_Czech Republic adopted in 2015. The SSC_Czech Republic defines, classifies and carries out the demonstrative factors of the international security, but also the paths to the security policies, Euro-Atlantic environment and the "democratic" paths of the Czech society (research units 1, relative frequency (1-6)) and the relationship between the independent variables of "stability"-"democracy"-"human rights"-"immigration", partenership and "protection" (research units 2, relative frequency (1-6)) enhancing the SSC_Czech Republic exposure and visibility in the field of "cooperation", "military" and "interest" (research units 2-3, relative frequency (1-5)).

The study of the Czech Republic Security Strategy adopted in 2015 shares a particular argument on the security determinants, their impact at national and regional level (Research units 1), but also an explanatory perspective on the security standards and performance considering the links of the inputs and outputs of the international environment and the regional security and strategy (Research units 2 and 3).

Along with an analysis of the national (internal) security perspectives, the SSC_Czech Republic guarantees a "protective" framework centred on the mechanisms and topics of the "defence" policies (Research units 1, relative frequency (5)).

The data results on "environment" (relative frequency (2) = .10),, "state" and "cooperation" (relative frequency (4) = .38) and "peace" (relative frequency (2) = .01), mark the balance between the environmental security and inferential policies.

Overall, on the basis of the analysis of Table 5.1, both national and international devices are identified in the strategy text determining key priorities performed since 2015 and connected to the directions in which the issue of "national security" appropriates the status and logics of security.

This status establishes the argumentation and linkages between "political" action, "security" arrangements and the present and future extends of "development" activities, "democratic" actions and "interest" activation within the Security Strategy of the Czech Republic.

The results provided by Table 5.2. reveal the following variaty of the relative frequencies: (1). Research units 1 ("political" = 25 uses; "security" = 274 uses and "policy" = 35 uses): relative frequency (1) = .74; (2).

Research units 2 (NATO = 50 uses; EU (European/ Europe) (95); Eastern Europe = 1 use; Western Balkans = 1 use): relative frequency (3) = .32; (3). Research units 3 ("territory" = 8 uses; "population = 24 uses): relative frequency (3)= .11.

Conclusions

Along with targeting the main strategic concepts and security policies, the current analysis frameworks the protective role of the national security strategies in the Central and Eastern Europe (Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Albania and Czech Republic) in-between thenational encounters and European and Euro-Atlantic security policies centring the idea of partnership, cooperation and development. Nevertheless, the relative frequencies revealed by the five national security strategies are definitely linked within the classes of items and research units described in the Methods and Methodology explains. The various relative frequencies may suggest that the concepts, policies and strategies establish the boundaries between the security framework and its implementation at national level. Overall, the paper concludes a security framework-analysis pattern in which the argumentative topics allow the targeting the main usage of the security and territoriality.

References:

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Article Info

Received: March 01 2017

Accepted: March 15 2017

Anca Parmena Olimid (*)

(*) Associate Professor, PhD, University of Craiova, Faculty of Social Sciences, Political Sciences specialization, Center of Post-Communist Political Studies (CEPOS), Editor in Chief of the Revista de Stiinte Politice. Revue des Sciences Politiques, Phone: 0040251418515, Email: [email protected] Table 1. Sampling research units 1, 2, 3 / Classes 1, 2, 3,... 6 Sampling research units Research units 1 1, 2, 3 - Classes of items (Column 1) 1, 2, 3... 6 Class 1 1 Relative Frequency (1) .n1 Class 2 2 Relative Frequency (2) .n4 Class 3 3 Relative Frequency (3) .n7 Class 4 4 Relative Frequency (4) .n10 Class 5 5 Relative Frequency (5) .n13 Class 6 6... m Relative Frequency (6) .n16 Sampling research units Research units 2 Research units 3 1, 2, 3 - Classes of items (Column 2) (Column 3) 1, 2, 3... 6 Class 1 7 13 Relative Frequency (1) .n2 .n3 Class 2 8 14 Relative Frequency (2) .n5 .n6 Class 3 9 15 Relative Frequency (3) .n8 .n9 Class 4 10 16 Relative Frequency (4) .n11 .n12 Class 5 11 17 Relative Frequency (5) .n14 .n15 Class 6 12... n 18... o Relative Frequency (6) .n17 .n18 Source: Author's own compilation Table 1.1. Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security - Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security (SNS_Croatia) (2002) Classes of items Research units 1 The long-term strategic Geo-political concepts as a basis of the position (1); 1. national security International strategies as affirmed in security (4); each national security Security (175) strategy Relative Frequency (1) .60 The core categories and topics of the security Peace 2. environment and related (ful/keeping) (28) aspects Relative Frequency (2) .09 The links of the regional Euro-Atlantic (4) 3. security to the regional and European security-based schema security (7) Relative Frequency (3) .03 Establishment of a core national/ regional system Democratic 4. of security concepts, aims society (2) and objectives Relative Frequency (4) .003 Combining main topics 5. and mechanisms within Defence (23) the defence policies Relative Frequency (5) .07 Emerging challenges of National security 6. the national and/ or (50); Internal regional security security (5) Research units 2 Research units 3 Stability (18); 1. Democracy (8); Partnership (14); Human rights (4); Co-operation (3) Immigration (3) .19 .11 Environment International/ (15); 2. transnational threats Ecological(lly) (2); Terrorism (10) (7); Security environment (5) .06 .18 NATO (32); EU 3. (European/ Europe) Political order (71); Southeast (2) Europe (8) .64 .01 State(s) (52); 4. Transition (11) Cooperation (42) .06 .63 Security-defence 5. Military-defence (2) (2) .01 .01 Development of 6. society (2) and Risks and threats international factors (6) Source: Author's own compilation based on the content analysis of the SNS_Croatia (2002) (concepts are displayed as they appear in the text) Table 1.2. Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security - Strategy for the Republic of Croatia's National Security (SNS_Croatia) (2002) (variations of the relative frequencies) Classes of items/ relative Research units 1 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .60 Relative Frequency 2 .09 Relative Frequency 3 .03 Relative Frequency 4 .003 Relative Frequency 5 .07 Relative Frequency 6 .18 Classes of items/ relative Research units 2 Research units 3 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .19 .11 Relative Frequency 2 .06 .18 Relative Frequency 3 .64 .01 Relative Frequency 4 .06 .63 Relative Frequency 5 .01 .01 Relative Frequency 6 .02 .04 Source: Author's own compilation based on the content analysis of the SNS_Croatia (2002) Table 2.1. National Security Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia (NSS_Slovenia) (2010) Classes of items Research units 1 The long-term strategic concepts as a basis of the national International 1 security strategies as security (10); affirmed in each Security (252) national security strategy Re lative Frequency (1) .48 The core categories Peace and topics of the (ful/keeping) 2 security environment (10); and related aspects Foreign policy (6) Relative Frequency (2) .02 The links of the 3 international security Euro-Atlantic (9); to the regional Balkan(s) (8) security-based schema Re lative Frequency (3) .31 Establishment of up a core national/ regional Devolpment (43); 4 system of security Rule of law (6) concepts, aims and objectives Relative Frequency (4) .09 Combining main 5 topics and Defence (47) mechanisms within the defence policies Re lative Frequency (5) .08 Emerging challenges National security 6 of the national and/ or (131); Internal regional security security (14) Relative Frequency (6) .27 Research units 2 Research units 3 Stability (15); Democracy (4); Partnership (4); 1 Human rights (9); International Migration (21); cooperation (2) Freedoms (8) .14 .02 Threats (51); Security Environment threats (14); Security (49); Security 2 risks (5); Terrorism environment (11); (20) Climate change (s) (16) .22 .16 NATO (21) 3 EU (European/ Europe) Border (14) (60) .02 .02 Transition (2); State(s) (33); 4 Economic policy (1); Cooperation (28) Social (64) .16 .12 Defence policy 5 Military (32) (7); Crisis areas (17) .07 .05 Security system (27); Risks (29) 6 Development (43); Partners (8) .19 .06 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the NSS_Slovenia (2010) (concepts are displayed as they appear in the text) Table 2.2. National Security Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia (NSS_Slovenia) (2010) (variations of the relative frequencies) Classes of items/ relative Research units 1 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .48 Relative Frequency 2 .02 Relative Frequency 3 .31 Relative Frequency 4 .09 Relative Frequency 5 .08 Relative Frequency 6 .27 Classes of items/ relative Research units 2 Research units 3 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .14 .02 Relative Frequency 2 .22 .16 Relative Frequency 3 .02 .02 Relative Frequency 4 .16 .12 Relative Frequency 5 .07 .05 Relative Frequency 6 .19 .06 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the NSS_Slovenia (2010) Table 3.1. National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (NSS_Serbia) (2009) Classes of items Research units 1 The long-term strategic concepts as a basis of the national International security 1 security strategies as (4); Security (330) affirmed in each Security-intelligence (3) national security strategy Re lative Frequency (1) .50 The core categories and topics of the Peace (ful/keeping) 2 security environment (16); and related aspects Foreign policy (12) Relative Frequency (2) .04 The links of the international security Europe(an) (39); 3 to the regional Balkan(s) (5) security-based schema Re lative Frequency (3) .06 Establishment of a core national/ regional Democratic society (2); 4 system of security Devolopment (56); concepts, aims and Rule of law (5) objectives Relative Frequency (4) .09 Combining main Security system (33); 5 topics and National interests (22); mechanisms within Minority rights (9) the defence policies Re lative Frequency (5) .09 National security (119); Internal security (15); Emerging challenges National security 6 of the national and/ or system (28); National regional security security management system (2) Relative Frequency (6) .24 Research units 2 Research units 3 Stability (24); Democracy (7); Partnership (7) 1 Human rights (7); International law Migration (6) (9) .16 .06 Threats (36); Environment (37), Security threats Security 2 (1); Security risks environment (7), (5); Terrorism Climate change (11) (s) (2) .20 .31 NATO (9); EU (European/ Europe) 3 (39) Border(s) (13) Southeast Europe (7) .20 .05 Transition (7); Social life (8); State(s) (70); 4 Economic policy Cooperation (42) (10) .09 .43 5 Military (13) Defense policy (12); Crisis (10) .04 .08 Development of society (1); International Risks (32); 6 community (3) Challenges (19) Development (56); Partners (9) Justice (5) .28 .19 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the NSS_Serbia (2009) (concepts are displayed as they appear in the text) Table 3.2. National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (NSS_Serbia) (2009) (variations of the relative frequencies) Classes of items/ relative Research units 1 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .50 Relative Frequency 2 .04 Relative Frequency 3 .06 Relative Frequency 4 .09 Relative Frequency 5 .09 Relative Frequency 6 .24 Classes of items/ relative Research units 2 Research units 3 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .16 .06 Relative Frequency 2 .20 .31 Relative Frequency 3 .20 .05 Relative Frequency 4 .09 .43 Relative Frequency 5 .04 .08 Relative Frequency 6 .28 .19 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the NSS_Serbia (2009) Table 4.1. The National Security Strategy of the Republic of Albania (NSS_Albania) (2004) Research units 2 Research units 3 Classes of items Research units 1 The long-term strategic concepts as a basis of the 1 national security Security (160); 1 strategies as affirmed in Strategy (35) each national security strategy Relative Frequency (1) .41 The core categories and Peace(ful/keeping) 2 topics of the security (22); Foreign environment and related policy (5) aspects Relative Frequency (2) .05 The links of the 3 international security to Europe(an) (24); the regional security- Balkan(s) (4) based schema Relative Frequency (3) .05 Democratic Establishment of a core society (3); 4 national/ regional system Democratic state of security concepts, aims (4); Devolopment and objectives (50); Rule of law (4) Relative Frequency (4) .22 Combining main topics Security system and mechanisms within (4); National 5 the defence policies interests (21); Regional (25) Relative Frequency (5) .10 National security (26); National Emerging challenges of security (26); 6 the national and/ or Protection of... regional security (28); Constitutional (13) Relative Frequency (6) .19 Stability (23), Democracy (7); Partnership (8); 1 Democratic International 1 society (3); peace (2); Human rights (7); diplomacy (8) Migration (1) .16 .11 Environment (31); 2 Threats (8); Security Terrorism (11) environment (3) .07 .21 NATO (12); 3 EU (European/ Border(s) (6) Europe) (24) .14 .03 Transition (1); 4 Social (7); State(s) (46); Economic (10) Cooperation (19) .07 .40 Military (20); Defense policy 5 Civil defense (20) (7); Crisis (5) .15 .07 Development of... (29); Risks (14); International Internal risks (2); 6 community (4); Challenges (9) Development (50); Partners (11); Justice (4) .38 .15 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the NSS_Albania (2009) (concepts are displayed as they appear in the text) Table 4.2. The National Security Strategy of the Republic of Albania (NSS_Albania) (2004) (variations of the relative frequencies) Classes of items/relative Research units 1 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .41 Relative Frequency 2 .05 Relative Frequency 3 .05 Relative Frequency 4 .22 Relative Frequency 5 .10 Relative Frequency 6 .19 Classes of items/relative Research units 2 Research units 3 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .16 .11 Relative Frequency 2 .07 .21 Relative Frequency 3 .14 .03 Relative Frequency 4 .07 .40 Relative Frequency 5 .15 .07 Relative Frequency 6 .38 .15 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the NSS_Albania (2009) Table 5.1. Czech Republic Security Strategy of the Czech Republic (SSC_Czech Republic) (2015) Classes of items Research units 1 The long-term strategic Political (25); concepts as a basis of the Security (274); 1 national security strategies Policy (35) as affirmed in each national security strategy Relative Frequency (1) .74 The core categories and topics of the security 2 environment and related Peace (6) aspects Relative Frequency (2) .01 The links of the 3 international security to the Euro-Atlantic (10); regional security-based and prevention (18) schema Relative Frequency (3) .06 Establishment of a core 4 national/ regional system of Democratic (7) security concepts, aims and objectives Relative Frequency (4) .01 Combining main topics and 5 mechanisms within the defence policies Defence (60) Relative Frequency (5) .13 Emerging challenges of the National security 6 national and/ or regional (5); Internal security security (9) Relative Frequency (6) .13 Research units 2 Research units 3 Stability (21); Democracy (2); Partnership (4); 1 Human rights Co-operation (41) (3); Immigration (2) .06 .16 Threat (70); Environment (29) 2 Terrorism (8) .17 .10 NATO (50) EU (European/Europe) (95); 3 Eastern Europe Territory (8); (1); Population (24) Western Balkans (1) .32 .11 4 Protection (25) State(s) (63); Cooperation (41) .05 .38 5 Military (31) Interest (55) .06 .20 6 Development Risks (6) (35) .07 .02 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the SSC_Czech Republic (2015) (concepts are displayed as they appear in the text) Table 5.2. Czech Republic Security Strategy of the Czech Republic (SSC_Czech Republic) (2015) (variations of the relative frequencies) Classes of items/ relative Research units 1 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .74 Relative Frequency 2 .01 Relative Frequency 3 .06 Relative Frequency 4 .01 Relative Frequency 5 .13 Relative Frequency 6 .13 Classes of items/ relative Research units 2 Research units 3 frequencies Relative Frequency 1 .06 .16 Relative Frequency 2 .17 .10 Relative Frequency 3 .32 .11 Relative Frequency 4 .05 .38 Relative Frequency 5 .06 .20 Relative Frequency 6 .07 .02 Source: Author's own compilation on the content analysis of the SSC_Czech Republic (2015)