摘要:The rise of the PISA standards has taken the educational world by storm, with intense media attention and debate every time they are published. Over the past two decades, they have been gaining an increasing role in shaping educational systems and policies across the world, gaining a 'canonical status' among member countries, and becoming a global 'benchmarker of standards' (Rinne, 2008). We believe, however, that the transformation of educational systems according to comparative standards based on a universal, standardised test measuring a narrow range of cognitive abilities across cultures and contexts, is problematic in various ways