摘要：Abstract The bulk of the water productivity (WP) literature has focused on static cross-sectional analysis with inadequate attention given to long-term, time series analysis, either at the country level or at a lower level of aggregation (e.g., district). The present study fills this gap by analyzing {WP} in Bangladesh using panel data of 21 districts over 37 years (1968–2004) divided into three phases. It estimated levels of, and trends in, {WPs} of one irrigated rice (rabi) crop, and two mainly rain-fed (kharif) rice crops, with occasional supplementary irrigation. Also examined were {WPs} for rice crops in irrigated and rain-fed ecosystems. The findings indicated that {WP} levels in Bangladesh were significantly lower than that by global standards. Overall, {WP} growth rates varied significantly among districts and between phases with no consistent pattern emerging. On the whole, {WPs} trended upwards while differing widely among districts and between phases, seasons, ecosystems and areas differentiated by physiographic characteristics. The 1980s represented a period of stagnation. Drought-prone areas grew faster while salinity-prone areas grew slower vis-à-vis non-drought and non-saline areas. In the Ganges-dependent area, {WP} grew faster than that in the non-Ganges-dependent area. Rice production in Bangladesh represented a highly groundwater-dependent and fossil fuel-using process with significant environmental implications suggesting that {WP} growth may be unsustainable. Sustaining {WP} growth required a range of market and non-market-based policy options.
关键词：Consumptive water use; Water productivity; Agro-ecological zones; Groundwater dependency; Fossil fuel; Sustainability
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