文章基本信息

标题：Individual olfactory perception reveals meaningful nonolfactory genetic information
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作者：Lavi Secundo ; Kobi Snitz ; Kineret Weissler 等
期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2015
卷号：112
期号：28
页码：8750-8755
DOI：10.1073/pnas.1424826112
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：SignificanceCyrano de Bergerac observed that "a large nose is the mark of a witty, courteous, affable, generous and liberal man." Here we report that individual noses, not how they look but rather how they function, indeed say a lot about a person. Each person expresses a nearly unique set of different olfactory receptor genes, and therefore may have unique olfactory perception. We developed a highly sensitive perceptual test we call the "olfactory fingerprint" that captures this variability. Individual olfactory fingerprints are therefore mirrors of individual olfactory genomes. We demonstrate that such fingerprints predict genetic features linked to the olfactory system, such as aspects of immune regulation. Thus, a precise measure of olfactory perception reveals meaningful nonolfactory genetic information. Each person expresses a potentially unique subset of [~]400 different olfactory receptor subtypes. Given that the receptors we express partially determine the odors we smell, it follows that each person may have a unique nose; to capture this, we devised a sensitive test of olfactory perception we termed the "olfactory fingerprint." Olfactory fingerprints relied on matrices of perceived odorant similarity derived from descriptors applied to the odorants. We initially fingerprinted 89 individuals using 28 odors and 54 descriptors. We found that each person had a unique olfactory fingerprint (P < 10-10), which was odor specific but descriptor independent. We could identify individuals from this pool using randomly selected sets of 7 odors and 11 descriptors alone. Extrapolating from this data, we determined that using 34 odors and 35 descriptors we could individually identify each of the 7 billion people on earth. Olfactory perception, however, fluctuates over time, calling into question our proposed perceptual readout of presumably stable genetic makeup. To test whether fingerprints remain informative despite this temporal fluctuation, building on the linkage between olfactory receptors and HLA, we hypothesized that olfactory perception may relate to HLA. We obtained olfactory fingerprints and HLA typing for 130 individuals, and found that olfactory fingerprint matching using only four odorants was significantly related to HLA matching (P < 10-4), such that olfactory fingerprints can save 32% of HLA tests in a population screen (P < 10-6). In conclusion, a precise measure of olfactory perception reveals meaningful nonolfactory genetic information.
关键词：olfactory perception ; HLA ; MHC ; olfactory genetics ; autoimmunity